JS
9 ?2m`2b
*H+mHi`B+2b miQ`Bbû2b
kyR3
S?vbB[m2@+?BKB2 k
:ûQT?vbB[m2 /2 H THMi2 h2``2
*2 bmD2i T`QTQb2 /2 i`Bi2` /2 /Bp2`b2b TTHB+iBQMb /2 H T?vbB[m2 ¨ Hûim/2 /2 H
THMi2 h2``2X PM bBMiû`2bb2
/Mb mM T`2KB2` i2KTb mt Kûi?Q/2b /2 K2bm`2 /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` i2``2bi`2
U;`pBKûi`B2V TmBb ¨ H2m`b
TTHB+iBQMb /Mb H2 ;ûMB2 +BpBHX .Mb mM /2mtBK2 i2KTb- QM ûim/B2 H2b Kûi?Q/2b /2
T`QbT2+iBQM ûH2+i`B[m2 /2b
bQHb miBHBbû2b TQm` bQM/2` /2b i2``BMbX
lM 2Mb2K#H2 /2 pH2m`b MmKû`B[m2b 2bi /BbTQMB#H2 2M }M /ûMQM+ûX
*2`iBM2b [m2biBQMb T2m Qm Tb ;mB/û2b- /2KM/2Mi /2 HBMBiBiBp2 /2 H T`i /m
+M/B/iX G2m` ûMQM+û 2bi `2Tû`û
T` mM2 #``2 2M K`;2X AH 2bi HQ`b /2KM/û /2tTHB+Bi2` +HB`2K2Mi H /ûK`+?2- H2b
+?QBt 2i /2 H2b BHHmbi`2`H2 +b û+?ûMi- T` mM b+?ûKX G2 #`K2 pHQ`Bb2 H T`Bb2
/BMBiBiBp2 2i iB2Mi +QKTi2 /m i2KTb Mû+2bbB`2 ¨ H
`ûbQHmiBQM /2 +2b [m2biBQMbX
A *?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2H 2i +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` i2``2bi`2
AX
*?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2H +`ûû T` H h2``2
Z RX
úMQM+2` H2 i?ûQ`K2 /2 :mbb TTHB[mû ¨ H ;`pBiiBQM 2M T`û+BbMi H2b MHQ;B2b 2Mi`2
7Q`+2b ûH2+i`Q@
H2 +?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2HX
biiB[m2b 2i ;`pBiiBQMM2HH2bX PM MQi2`
G h2``2 2bi bbBKBHû2 ¨ mM2 #QmH2 ?QKQ;M2 /2 `vQM - /2 +2Mi`2 2i /2 Kbb2
mMB7Q`KûK2Mi `ûT`iB2
2M pQHmK2X PM `2T`2 mM TQBMi /2 H2bT+2 /Mb H2 bvbiK2 /2 +QQ`/QMMû2b bT?û`B[m2b
/Q`B;BM2 - bbQ+Bû ¨
H #b2 HQ+H2 X PM TT2HH2 HHiBim/2 /mM TQBMi bBimû ¨ H2tiû`B2m` /2 H
h2``2 2i
QM bbQ+B2 ¨ +2 TQBMi mM t2 Up2`iB+H2 /m HB2mV /QMi HQ`B;BM2 2bi 2M 2i i2H
[m2 X
+`ûû T` H h2``2 ¨ mM2 HiBim/2 X
Z kX
.ûi2`KBM2` H2tT`2bbBQM /m +?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2H
AX"
o`BiBQM /m +?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2H p2+ HHiBim/2
aQBi mM +Q`Tb /2 Kbb2 - bbBKBHû ¨ mM TQBMi Kiû`B2H- bBimû ¨ H /BbiM+2
/m +2Mi`2 /2 H h2``2 UHiBim/2 VX PM /û}MBi H2 p2+i2m` mMBiB`2 HQ+H
T2`T2M/B+mHB`2 ¨ Ht2 /2 `QiiBQM /2 H h2``2 bm` 2HH2@KK2 U};m`2 RVX
Z jX
JQMi`2` [m2 HBMi2MbBiû /m +?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2H b2HQM H p2`iB+H2 bû+`Bi
X
TQm` ,
Z 9X
*H+mH2` HHiBim/2 /QMi BH 7mi bûH2p2` TQm` Q#b2`p2` mM2 p`BiBQM /2
R-yyW /2 X
Z 8X
.QMM2` H2tT`2bbBQM /m ;`/B2Mi p2`iB+H /m +?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2HX Zm2
`2T`ûb2Mi2@i@BH T?vbB[m2K2Mi \
Z eX
G2b ;ûQT?vbB+B2Mb miBHBb2Mi +QKK2 mMBiû /2 K2bm`2 /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m`
H2 ;H p2+ HBM DNT X úpHm2` H pH2m` /m ;`/B2Mi 2tT`BKû2 2M ;H+KR
2i +QKK2Mi2`X
AX*
*?KT /2 T2bMi2m` i2``2bi`2
6B;m`2 R
b2t2`@
Z dX
Gûim/2 2bi +QM/mBi2 /Mb H2 `û7û`2MiB2H i2``2bi`2X 1tT`BK2` H 7Q`+2 /BM2`iB2
/2Mi`BM2K2Mi
ÏMi bm` mM +Q`Tb /2 Kbb2 - bBimû ¨ H /BbiM+2 /m +2Mi`2 /2 H h2``2X G pBi2bb2
M;mHB`2 /2 `QiiBQM
/2 H h2``2 bm` 2HH2@KK2 2bi MQiû2 - H HiBim/2 2bi MQiû2 U};m`2 RVX
Z 3X
G2 TQB/b /mM Q#D2i /2 Kbb2 U V 2bi û;H- T` /û}MBiBQM- ¨ H bQKK2 /2 H 7Q`+2
/2 ;`pBiiBQM
2i /2 H 7Q`+2 /BM2`iB2 /2Mi`BM2K2MiX ú+`B`2 H2tT`2bbBQM /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m`
2i H2 `2T`ûb2Mi2` bm` mM
b+?ûK m TQBMi X
Z NX
TTHB+iBQM MmKû`B[m2X *QKT`2`- /2 KMB`2 `2HiBp2- H2 i2`K2 /BM2`iB2 /2Mi`BM2K2Mi
m i2`K2 /
m +?KT ;`pBiiBQMM2H +H+mHû ¨ Hû[mi2m`X *QKK2Mi2`X
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 RfN
AA Jûi?Q/2b /2 K2bm`2 /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` ¨ HB/2 /2 T2M/mH2b
SQm` /ûi2`KBM2` H2 +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` HQ+H2K2Mi- H2b ;ûQT?vbB+B2Mb /BbTQb2Mi /BMb@
i`mK2Mib TT2Hûb ;`pBKi`2bX G2 T`2KB2` ;`pBKi`2 miBHBbû ?BbiQ`B[m2K2Mi ûiû mM
T2M/mH2X
AAX
G2 T2M/mH2 /2 _B+?i2`
Z RyX
SQm`[mQB HmiBHBbiBQM /mM T2M/mH2 bBKTH2 U};m`2 kV T2`K2i@2HH2 /2 `2KQM@
i2` ¨ H K2bm`2 /2 HBMi2MbBiû /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` \
Z RRX
1M Redk Hbi`QMQK2 _B+?i2` T`i ¨ *v2MM2 2M :mvM2 p2+ mM2 ?Q`HQ;2
6B;m`2 k
¨ T2M/mH2 `û;Hû2 ¨ S`Bb UT2M/mH2 [mB #i H b2+QM/2V- BH bT2`ÏQBi [m2HH2 `2i`/2 /2
k KBM k3 b T` DQm`X 1M /û/mB`2 H pH2m` /2 ¨ *v2MM2 U¨ S`Bb NT VX
SQm` [m2HH2UbV `BbQMUbV H2b pH2m`b /2 bQMi@2HH2b /Bzû`2Mi2b ¨ *v2MM2 2i ¨ S`Bb
\ GHiBim/2 /2 S`Bb p`B2
2Mi`2 k3 2i RjR K 2i HHiBim/2 /2 *v2MM2 2Mi`2 y 2i Ry8 KX
Z RkX
PM /K2i [m2 HBM+2`iBim/2 /2 K2bm`2 T`QpB2Mi 2bb2MiB2HH2K2Mi /2 H K2bm`2 /2 H
Tû`BQ/2 X Zm2HH2
/2p`Bi i`2 HBM+2`iBim/2 bm` H K2bm`2 /2 H Tû`BQ/2 /m T2M/mH2 miBHBbû T` _B+?i2`
TQm` [m2 HBM+2`iBim/2 bm`
H K2bm`2 /2 bQBi û;H2 ¨ R ;H UQ`/`2 /2 ;`M/2m` /2 H T`û+BbBQM /2b ;`pBKi`2b
+im2HbVX
AAX" G2 T2M/mH2 p2`iB+H
G K2bm`2 /2 HûHQM;iBQM /mM `2bbQ`i p2`iB+H m #Qmi /m[m2H 2bi bmbT2M/m2 mM2 Kbb2
T2`K2i /2 K2bm`2` H2b p`BiBQMb /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m`X GBM;ûMB2m` Gm+B2M G*Qbi2
BMp2Miû mM BM;ûMB2mt `2bbQ`i ¨ bTB`H2 /2 HQM;m2m` m `2TQb MmHH2 U};m`2 jVX
Z RjX
aB H2 +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` i2``2bi`2 p`B2 /2 Ry ;H- [m2 pmi H p`BiBQM /2 HûHQM@
;iBQM /mM `2bbQ`i mbm2H /mM H#Q`iQB`2 /2 Hv+û2 \
Z R9X
Zm2H 2bi HBMiû`i /miBHBb2` mM `2bbQ`i /2 HQM;m2m` m `2TQb MmHH2 \
6B;m`2 j
AAA :`pBKi`2 ¨ ~ûm /2 G*Qbi2 2i _QK#2`;
G2 ;`pBKi`2 /2 G*Qbi2 2i _QK#2`; 2bi mM ;`pBKi`2 [mB T2`K2i /2 K2bm`2`
HBMi2MbBiû /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` p2+ mM2 BM+2`iBim/2 ivTB[m2 /2 R ;HX
lM2 iB;2 /2 HQM;m2m` - /2 Kbb2 Mû;HB;2#H2 TQ`i2 mM2 Kbb2 ¨ HmM2 /2
b2b 2ti`ûKBiûb 2i TBpQi2 bMb 7`Qii2K2Mi miQm` /2 Ht2 U};m`2 9VX G2
KQmp2K2Mi /2 H Kbb2 2bi `2Tû`û T` HM;H2 - Q`B2Miû T` `TTQ`i ¨ Ht2
- BH 2bi /QM+ TQbBiB7 bm` H };m`2 9X G iB;2 2bi `2i2Mm2 T` mM `2bbQ`i /2
+QMbiMi2 /2 `B/2m` - /2 HQM;m2m` 2i /2 HQM;m2m` m `2TQb X *2 `2bbQ`i 2bi
}tû bm` H iB;2 ¨ H /BbiM+2 /m TQBMi TBpQiX G HQM;m2m` T2mi i`2 Dmbiû2X
G2 /BbTQbBiB7 2bi +QMi2Mm /Mb mM THM p2`iB+H- Ht2 2bi T2`T2M/B+mHB`2 ¨
+2 THMX
TBpQi
6B;m`2 9
Z R8X
1tTHB[m2` H2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi /m ;`pBKi`2X
Z ReX
SQm` H2 bvbiK2 ;`pBKi`2 UiB;2 Y `2bbQ`i Y Kbb2 V- û+`B`2 H2tT`2bbBQM /2
HûM2`;B2 TQi2MiB2HH2
iQiH2 UT2bMi2m` 2i ûHbiB[m2V /m bvbiK2 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 - - - - - 2i X
Z RdX
.QMM2` H2tT`2bbBQM /2 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 - 2i X
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 kfN
X
Z R3X
SQm` mM KQmp2K2Mi /2 `QiiBQM Tm`2 H2 +QmTH2 `ûbmHiMi ;BbbMi bm` H iB;2 bû+`Bi
JQMi`2` [m2
TJO
DPT
Z RNX
*2 `2bbQ`i ûiû 7#`B[mû /2 i2HH2 KMB`2 [m2 b HQM;m2m` m `2TQb bQBi MmHH2
U};m`2 jVX JQMi`2`
[m2 HQM T2mi /ûi2`KBM2` H pH2m` /2 HBMi2MbBiû /2 H T2bMi2m` 2M MMmHMi +2
+QmTH2X m`Bi@QM Tm miBHBb2`
mM `2bbQ`i +HbbB[m2 \
SQm` iQmi2 H bmBi2- H2 `2bbQ`i mM2 HQM;m2m` m `2TQb MmHH2X
.Mb H T`iB[m2- QM BM+HBM2 H2 TQBMi /2 bmTTQ`i /m `2bbQ`i /mM T2iBi M;H2 U};m`2
8VX
6B;m`2 8
Z kyX
1tT`BK2` - TmBb HûM2`;B2 TQi2MiB2HH2 - 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 - - 2i X
G2b +Qm`#2b /2 H };m`2 e `2T`ûb2Mi2Mi HûM2`;B2 TQi2MiB2HH2 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 /m
bvbiK2 bMb 2i p2+ BM+HBMBbQM
/m `2bbQ`i UTQm` mM2 K2BHH2m`2 pBbmHBbiBQM- H2b pH2m`b /2b T`Ki`2b miBHBbûb
TQm` i`+2` +2b +Qm`#2b bQMi
/Bzû`2Mi2b /2 +2HH2b /m bvbiK2 `û2HVX
UCV
UCV
U`/V
6B;m`2 e
U`/V
Z kRX
Zm2H 2bi HBMiû`i /pQB` BM+HBMû H2 `2bbQ`i \
Z kkX
.Mb H2 +b Q H2 TQBMi /2 bmTTQ`i /m `2bbQ`i 2bi BM+HBMû U};m`2 8V- /ûi2`KBM2` H2
MQmp2m +QmTH2
`ûbmHiMiX JQMi`2` [mBH bû+`Bi
DPT DPT TJO TJO
Z kjX
.Mb H T`iB[m2- HM;H2 `2bi2 T2iBiX ú+`B`2 Hû[miBQM /Bzû`2MiB2HH2 pû`B}û2 T` X
PM MQi2` H2
KQK2Mi /BM2`iB2 /2 H iB;2 2i /2 H Kbb2 T` `TTQ`i ¨ Ht2 X
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 jfN
Z k9X
.ûi2`KBM2` H TmHbiBQM T`QT`2 /2b Qb+BHHiBQMb 2i H TQbBiBQM KQv2MM2 X
PM Dmbi2 H HQM;m2m` /2 KMB`2 ¨ MMmH2` H TQbBiBQM KQv2MM2 TQm` X
Z k8X
TTHB+iBQM MmKû`B[m2X .2 [m2H M;H2 /QBi@QM BM+HBM2` HBMbi`mK2Mi TQm` Q#i2MB`
/2b Qb+BHHiBQMb /2
Tû`BQ/2 ky b bB NT - DN 2i \
Z keX
GTT`2BH 2bi 2MbmBi2 /ûTH+û /Mb mM2 xQM2 Q X JQMi`2` [m2 H MQmp2HH2 TQbBiBQM
KQv2MM2
2bi û;H2 ¨
X
UBO
Z kdX
aB H2 +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` p`B2 /2 Ry ;H [m2H 2bi HQ`/`2 /2 ;`M/2m` /2 H MQmp2HH2
TQbBiBQM KQv2MM2 \
*QKK2Mi2`X
Ao TTHB+iBQMb /2 H ;`pBKûi`B2
G ;`pBKûi`B2 2bi Hûim/2 /2b p`BiBQMb /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` /Mb H2bT+2 2i /Mb H2
i2KTbX 1HH2 T2`K2i /2
/ûi2`KBM2` H `ûT`iBiBQM /2b Kbb2b m b2BM /2 H h2``2 2i /pQB` BMbB ++b ¨ b
bi`m+im`2X S` 2t2KTH2- H
;`pBKûi`B2 2bi miBHBbû2 TQm` /ûi2`KBM2` H 7Q`K2 /2 H h2``2 U;ûQ/ûbB2V- TQm`
/ûi2+i2` /2b +pBiûb U;ûMB2 +BpBH
Qm `+?ûQHQ;B2V- TQm` bmBp`2 H2b biQ+F;2b /2m U?v/`QHQ;B2 +QMiBM2MiH2VX
.Mb +2ii2 T`iB2- MQmb HHQMb /ûi2`KBM2`- T` mM2 MHvb2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2- H2b
/BK2MbBQMb /mM +Q`Tb bT?û`B[m2
2Mi2``û /Mb mM bQH /2 Kbb2 pQHmKB[m2 KQv2MM2 U};m`2 dVX
am`7+2
aQH
6B;m`2 d
Z k3X
1M miBHBbMi H2 i?ûQ`K2 /2 :mbb ;`pBiiBQMM2H- /ûi2`KBM2` H2tT`2bbBQM /m +?KT /2
T2bMi2m` 2M
mM TQBMi bBimû ¨ H2tiû`B2m` /mM2 bT?`2 ?QKQ;M2 /2 `vQM 2i /2 Kbb2 pQHmKB[m2
2M
7QM+iBQM /2 - - - - - /BbiM+2 /2 m +2Mi`2 /2 H bT?`2- 2i /m p2+i2m` mMBiB`2
U};m`2 dVX
G2 +Q`Tb bT?û`B[m2 b2 i`Qmp2 ¨ mM2 T`Q7QM/2m` /Mb H2 bQHX GQBM /2 H bT?`2
UTQm` V- H2 +?KT /2
T2bMi2m` 2bi p2`iB+H b2HQM /2 pH2m` X
Z kNX
.ûi2`KBM2` - H +QKTQbMi2 p2`iB+H2 /m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` +`ûû T` H #QmH2 m TQBMi
bBimû ¨
mM2 /BbiM+2 /2 H p2`iB+H2X
Z jyX
JQMi`2` [m2 HMQKHB2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 - [mB 7Bi p`B2` H2 +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` TT`2Mi
2M mM HB2m- 2bi B/2MiB[m2 m +?KT /2 T2bMi2m` +`ûû T` mM2 bT?`2 /2 Kbb2
pQHmKB[m2 X
Z jRX
JQMi`2` [m2 HMQKHB2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 bû+`Bi
Z jkX
h`+2` HHHm`2 /2 H +Qm`#2 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 TQm` /2b bT?`2b B/2MiB[m2b 2Mi2``û2b
¨ /2mt T`Q7QM@
/2m`b /Bzû`2Mi2b 2i X
Z jjX
Zm2H 2bi H2 HB2M 2Mi`2 H T`Q7QM/2m` 2i H H`;2m` ¨ KB@?mi2m` /2 H +Qm`#2 \ Zm2
pmi HMQKHB2
;`pBKûi`B[m2 KtBKH2 \
Z j9X
.ûi2`KBM2`- ¨ HB/2 H +Qm`#2 /2 H };m`2 3- H T`Q7QM/2m` 2i H2 `vQM /2 H bT?`2
2Mi2``û2X
Z j8X
*QKK2Mi `2M/`2 BM/ûi2+i#H2 T` MHvb2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 /2 HQ` biQ+Fû /Mb mM2 ;`Qii2
bT?û`B[m2 \
Z jeX
G ;`Qii2 /2 R K /2 `vQM 2bi ¨ 9 K /2 T`Q7QM/2m`X Zm2HH2 Kbb2 /Q` 2bi@BH
TQbbB#H2 /2 ++?2` T`
+2ii2 Kûi?Q/2 \ SQm` BM7Q`KiBQM- H Kbb2 pQHmKB[m2 /2 HQ` 2bi LHN X
Z jdX
lM2 ûim/2 `+?ûQHQ;B[m2 T`ûH#H2 T`ûpQBi H /BbTQbBiBQM /2 /2mt ;`Qii2b bT?û`B[m2b
/2 KK2 /BK2MbBQM
U};m`2 NVX h`+2` HHHm`2 /2 H +Qm`#2 /2 HMQKHB2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 ii2M/m2 2M pQmb
B/Mi /2 H
};m`2 RyX
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 9fN
UK;HV
UKV
6B;m`2 3 MQKHB2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 TQm`
mM2 bT?`2 2Mi2``û2 p2+ LHN
*H+B`2 LHN
:`b LHN
6B;m`2 N
6B;m`2 Ry MQKHB2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 TQm` mM2 TH[m2 ?Q`BxQMiH2 b2KB@BM}MB2
o S`QbT2+iBQM ûH2+i`B[m2 /2b bQHb
G T`QbT2+iBQM ûH2+i`B[m2 2bi HmM2 /2b THmb M+B2MM2b Kûi?Q/2b /2 T`QbT2+iBQM
;ûQT?vbB[m2X 1HH2 `2TQb2 bm`
HBMi2`T`ûiiBQM /2 H `ûbBbiM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /m i2``BMX *2b K2bm`2b /QBp2Mi i`2
`ûHBbû2b BM bBim- +2ii2 K2bm`2 M2
TQmpMi i`2 `ûHBbû2 2M H#Q`iQB`2 bm` mM û+?MiBHHQM bQ`iB /2 bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2MiX
1HH2b bQMi T`iB+mHB`2K2Mi
/Tiû2b ¨ Hûim/2 /2b 7B#H2b T`Q7QM/2m`bX
oX
aQH ?QKQ;M2
Z j3X
1tT`BK2` H `ûbBbiM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /mM T`HHûHûTBT/2 ?QKQ;M2 /2 HQM;m2m` - /2
b2+iBQM 2i /2
`ûbBbiBpBiû Q 2bi H +QM/m+iBpBiû ûH2+i`B[m2 /m Kiû`Bm U};m`2 RRVX
SQm` /ûi2`KBM2` H `ûbBbiM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /mM i2``BM QM BKTQb2 H +B`+mHiBQM /mM
+Qm`Mi +QMiBMm /BMi2MbBiû
¨ H bm`7+2 /m bQH [mB b2 `ûT`iBi 2M T`Q7QM/2m`X *2ii2 QTû`iBQM 2bi `ûHBbû2
;`+2 ¨ /2b ûH2+i`Q/2b [m2 HQM
THMi2 /Mb H2 bQH mt TQBMib 2i U};m`2 RkVX G i2MbBQM 2bi K2bm`û2 ¨ HB/2 /mM
pQHiKi`2 2Mi`2 H2b TQBMib
2i X
Z jNX
.Mb H T`iB[m2 QM miBHBb2 mM +Qm`Mi Hi2`MiB7 i`b #bb2 7`û[m2M+2X SQm` [m2HH2
`BbQM \
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 8fN
o
6B;m`2 RR
o
aQH- `ûbBbiBpBiû
6B;m`2 Rk
6B;m`2 Rj
Z 9yX
*QMbB/û`QMb b2mH2K2Mi HûH2+i`Q/2 TH+û2 2M U};m`2 RjVX PM MQi2 H2 p2+i2m`
/2MbBiû pQHmKB[m2
/2 +Qm`Mi m TQBMi X G i2``2 2bi +QMbB/û`û2 +QKK2 ?QKQ;M2X Zm2HH2 2bi H 7Q`K2
/2b HB;M2b /2 +Qm`Mi /Mb
H i2``2 \ .QMM2` H2tT`2bbBQM /2 2M 7QM+iBQM MQiKK2Mi /2 HBMi2MbBiû /m +Qm`Mi
2i /2 X
2i H2 TQi2MiB2H ûH2+i`B[m2 m TQBMi 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 - 2i X
Z 9RX
1tT`BK2` H2 +?KT ûH2+i`B[m2
PM bmTTQb2 [m2 H pH2m` /m TQi2MiB2H 2bi MmHH2 ¨ ;`M/2 /BbiM+2X
Z 9kX
.Mb H2 +b /2b /2mt ûH2+i`Q/2b U};m`2 R9V- 2tT`BK2` H2 TQi2MiB2H ûH2+i`B[m2 m
TQBMi 2M 7QM+iBQM
/2 - - 2i X PM bmTTQb2 [m2 H pH2m` /m TQi2MiB2H 2bi MmHH2 ¨ ;`M/2 /BbiM+2X
Zm2HH2 `2HiBQM /û}MBi H2b
û[mBTQi2MiB2HH2b \
6B;m`2 R9
1tT`BK2` H /Bzû`2M+2 /2 TQi2MiB2H Hm2 bm` H2 pQHiKi`2 U};m`2 RkVX JQMi`2`
[m2 H
`ûbBbiBpBiû bû+`Bi
Q 2bi H2 7+i2m` ;ûQKûi`B[m2 ¨ 2tT`BK2` 2M 7QM+iBQM /2b /BbiM+2b - -
2i X
Z 99X
.Mb H2 +b /2 H +QM};m`iBQM /Bi2 /2 q2MM2` U};m`2 R8V- H2b TQBMib - - 2i bQMi
û[mB/BbiMib
2bT+ûb /2 H HQM;m2m` X 1tT`BK2` H2 7+i2m` ;ûQKûi`B[m2 X
Z 9jX
6B;m`2 R8
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 efN
y-9 o
y-e o
R-k8 o
R o
y-3 o
j o
k o
9 o
R-8 o
R-8 o
9o
ko
jo
Ro
R-k8 o
y-3 o
y-e o
y-9 o
Z 98X
G2b +Qm`#2b /2 H };m`2 Re T`ûb2Mi2Mi H2 `ûbmHii /2 H bBKmHiBQM /2b
û[mBTQi2MiB2HH2b i`+û2b TQm` /2mt
ûH2+i`Q/2b /BbiMi2b /2 Ry K bBimû2b 2M N THMiû2b /Mb mM i2``BM /2 `ûbBbiBpBiû
NX GBMi2MbBiû
/m +Qm`Mi 2bi "X Zm2 pmi H2 7+i2m` ;ûQKûi`B[m2 +Q``2bTQM/Mi /Mb H
+QM};m`iBQM /2 q2MM2` \
*2ii2 pH2m` 2bi@2HH2 2M ++Q`/ p2+ H bBKmHiBQM /2 H };m`2 Re \
UKV
9 o
j o
y-9 o
y-e o
y-3 o
R o
R-k8 o
R-8 o
yo
y-k o
y-k o
UKV
Ro
y-3 o
y-e o
y-9 o
R-8 o
R-k8 o
ko
jo
9o
y-k o
yo
k o
y-k o
UKV
UKV
6B;m`2 Re
Z 9eX
h`+2`- 2M 2tTHB[mMi pQi`2 /ûK`+?2- HHHm`2 /2b HB;M2b /2 +Qm`MiX
oX" JQ/H2 ¨ /2mt i2``BMb
.Mb H2 +b /mM KBHB2m BM?QKQ;M2 QM T`H2 /2 `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2X .Mb H2 KQ/H2 /Bi
¨ /2mt i2``BMb- H2
bQH 2bi +QMbiBimû /2 /2mt +Qm+?2b bmT2`TQbû2b /2 `ûbBbiBpBiû 2i /ûTBbb2m`
TQm` H +Qm+?2 bmTû`B2m`2 2i
/2 `ûbBbiBpBiû 2i /ûTBbb2m` BM}MB2 TQm` H +Qm+?2 BM7û`B2m`2 U};m`2 RdVX G
`ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 2bi K2bm`û2
TQm` /Bzû`2Mib 2bT+2K2Mib 2Mi`2 ûH2+i`Q/2b U/BbiM+2 p`B#H2VX
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 dfN
6B;m`2 Rd AHHmbi`iBQM /m bQM/;2 ûH2+i`B[m2 U/T`b *?Qmi2m 2i :B`Qmt UkyyeVVHHm`2
/2b HB;M2b /2 +Qm`Mi
Z 9dX
o2`b [m2HH2 pH2m` i2M/ ¨ T`BQ`B H `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 HQ`b[m2 2bi 7B#H2 \
HQ`b[m2 2bi i`b
;`M/2 \
Z 93X
G +Qm`#2 /2 H };m`2 R3 `2T`ûb2Mi2 H `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 K2bm`û2
2tTû`BK2MiH2K2Mi 2M 7QM+iBQM
/2 H /BbiM+2 X .ûi2`KBM2` H `ûbBbiBpBiû 2i /2b i2``BMb BMbB [mmM2 2biBKiBQM
/2 H pH2m` ûTBbb2m` /2 H +Qm+?2 bmTû`B2m`2X PM bB/2` /2 H#[m2 *>R /QMMû };m`2
RN [mB `2T`ûb2Mi2 2M 7QM+iBQM
/2 2M û+?2HH2 #B@HQ;`Bi?KB[m2X *?[m2 +Qm`#2 /2 +2i #[m2 +Q``2bTQM/ BMbB ¨ H
+Qm`#2 /mM bQM/;2
ûH2+i`B[m2 2tû+miû bm` mM bQmb@bQH +QKTQbû /2 /2mt i2``BMb Q H T`2KB`2 +Qm+?2
mM2 ûTBbb2m` 2i mM2
`ûbBbiBpBiû X
_ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 UKV
UKV
6B;m`2 R3 J2bm`2 /2mt i2``BMb
.QMMû2b MmKû`B[m2b
*QMbiMi2 /2 ;`pBiiBQM mMBp2`b2HH2
LH N T
_vQM /2 H h2``2
LN
Jbb2 /2 H h2``2
LH
lMBiû /2 K2bm`2 /2 H T2bMi2m`
HBM DNT
P`/`2 /2 ;`M/2m` /2 H b2MbB#BHBiû /2b ;`pBKi`2b +im2Hb
ËHBM
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 3fN
ABAQUE CH 1
1
2
100
h1
Module de l'échelle logarithmique
8
2/ 1=
100
h1
1
a
50
10
A·B
2
30
20
15
12
9
7
5
4
3
2.5
2
1.5
1.25
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0
0.02
6B;m`2 RN #[m2 *>R
r r r 6AL r r r
kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N
S;2 NfN
